U.S. Finds Malaysia Circumventing MSG Antidumping Order on China Estimated reading time: 3–5 minutes On May 29, 2025, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its final decision that imports of monosodium glutamate (MSG) completed in Malaysia using glutamic acid from China are circumventing the U.S. antidumping duty (AD) order on MSG from China. This decision is based on a detailed investigation. The Department published a preliminary determination in February 2025. The Department then notified the U.S. International Trade Commission. The ITC did not request consultations. Case briefs were submitted by CPF Legacy, LLC, JEFI Enterprise (USA) Inc., and Ajinomoto Health & Nutrition North America, Inc. on April 28, 2025. Rebuttal letters were filed by these parties on May 5, 2025. The deadline for the final determination was extended to May 22, 2025. The Department found that MSG finished in Malaysia using Chinese-origin glutamic acid, and then exported to the U.S., is covered by the scope of the 2015 antidumping duty order on MSG from China. This includes MSG “blended or in solution with other products” at 15 percent or more MSG by dry weight, in various forms and packaging. A full description of the product scope is in Appendix I of the notice. The Department used facts available, with adverse inferences, especially for Ajinoriki MSG Sdn Bhd, because Ajinoriki did not participate in required on-site verification. As a result, Ajinoriki is no longer eligible to certify that its shipments to the U.S. do not contain Chinese-origin glutamic acid. The Department also applied findings to all other non-responsive Malaysian companies listed in the notice. The Department is making this determination on a country-wide basis. The earlier certification process, which allowed verification of product origin, is now removed. Customs and Border Protection will suspend liquidation and require a cash deposit of estimated duties on all covered MSG from Malaysia that uses Chinese glutamic acid. This applies to entries imported since November 4, 2021, the date new circumvention regulations became effective, and also on or after May 15, 2024, the date this inquiry started. The antidumping cash deposit rate for affected MSG entries from Malaysia will be 56.54 percent, which is the China-wide rate. The Department created a new case number for these entries: Malaysia A-557-992-000. These requirements will stay in effect until further notice. Companies may request administrative reviews in each anniversary month of the AD order, with the next window in November 2025. This final country-wide finding is published under the authority granted by U.S. federal law and regulations. For further details or questions, contact Thomas Cloyd, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Enforcement and Compliance. The Issues and Decision Memorandum is available online at https://access.trade.gov. The written description in the official notice is controlling for the merchandise covered by this order. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

U.S. Department of Commerce Finds Hard Empty Capsules from China Are Sold Below Fair Value Estimated reading time: 3–6 minutes The U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) has made a preliminary decision that hard empty capsules from the People’s Republic of China (China) are being sold in the United States for less than fair value. This notice was published in the Federal Register on May 29, 2025. The period of investigation covered April 1, 2024, through September 30, 2024. Commerce invites interested parties to comment on this preliminary finding. Background Commerce started this investigation on November 20, 2024. The preliminary determination, initially scheduled earlier, was postponed to May 22, 2025. The full details about the events and methodology can be found in the related Preliminary Decision Memorandum, which is available online for registered users. Scope of the Investigation The investigation covers hard empty capsules from China. These are capsules made of two prefabricated, hollow cylindrical sections (cap and body). They are unfilled and composed of at least 80 percent water-soluble, non-toxic polymer that is fit for human or animal use, such as gelatin, HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), or pullulan. The capsules may include colorants, opacifiers, plasticizers, and other additives. They are included regardless of size, material, markings, or how they are imported (together or separately). The subject capsules are typically classifiable under subheadings 9602.00.1040 and 9602.00.5010 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS). Other possible subheadings include 1905.90.9090 (general), 3503.00.5510 (gelatin capsules), 3923.90.0080 (HPMC capsules), and 2106.90.9998 (pullulan capsules). However, the written scope description is controlling. Product Coverage and Scope Comments Commerce provided time for parties to comment on product coverage. It received and reviewed comments but did not change the scope as a result. Further guidance and the summary of comments are found in the Preliminary Scope Decision Memorandum. Methodology The investigation follows section 731 of the Tariff Act. Since China is treated as a non-market economy, Commerce calculated export prices and normal values using rules specific to such countries. In the case of Shandong Healsee Capsule Ltd. (Shandong Healsee), Commerce applied facts available with adverse inferences to estimate dumping margins. Separate Rate Companies and China-wide Entity Commerce granted separate rates to certain companies not individually examined. For companies not selected for individual examination, the rate is based on a weighted average of the rates for the main examined exporters, Shandong Healsee and Shanxi JC Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanxi JC). The same rate was given to the China-wide entity. Preliminary Dumping Margins The following are the estimated weighted-average dumping margins: Shandong Healsee Capsule Ltd.: 172.24% Shanxi JC Biological Technology Co., Ltd.: 5.40% Guizhou Guang De Li Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.; Hebei Kangxin Plant Capsule Co., Ltd.; Hubei Kornnac Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Jiangsu Lefan Capsule Co., Ltd.; Jiujiang Angtai Capsule Co., Ltd.; Qingdao Yiqing Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; Shaanxi Genex Bio-Tech Co., Ltd.; Shanghai Guang De Li Capsule Co., Ltd.; Shanxi Guangsheng Medicinal Capsule Co., Ltd.; Shaoxing Kangke Capsule Co., Ltd.; Shaoxing Renhe Capsule Co., Ltd.; Xinchang County Hexin Capsule Co., Ltd.; Xinchang County No.6 Capsule Factory; Shaoxing Kangke Capsule Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Huaguang Capsule Co., Ltd.; Shanxi Guangsheng Capsule Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Pujiang Enerkang Capsule Co., Ltd.; Yantai Oriental Pharmacap Co., Ltd.; Ningbo Capsulcn Capsule Co., Ltd.; Shaoxing Zhongya Capsules Industry Co., Ltd.; Shandong Healsee Capsule Ltd.; Zhejiang Guangjuyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Huaguang Capsule Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Huili Capsules Co., Ltd.; Zhejiang Lujian Capsule Co., Ltd: 88.82% China-wide Entity: 88.82% Liquidation and Cash Deposit U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) will suspend liquidation of the subject merchandise entered or withdrawn from warehouses for consumption on or after May 29, 2025. Cash deposits will be required in amounts equal to the above margins. Verification Commerce will verify the data used in its final decision, as provided in section 782(i)(1) of the Act. Public Comments Parties can submit briefs or comments after the last verification report is issued. Rebuttal briefs must be filed no later than five days after the initial brief. Each brief and rebuttal should begin with an executive summary for each issue, limited to 450 words per issue. Parties who want a hearing must make a written request within 30 days of the publication of this notice. Postponement of Final Determination Following requests from Shandong Healsee, Shanxi JC, and the petitioner (Lonza Greenwood LLC), the final determination has been postponed. The final determination will be made no more than 135 days after May 29, 2025. International Trade Commission Notification Commerce will notify the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) of this preliminary finding. If the final determination is affirmative, the ITC will decide whether imports are causing harm or threaten harm to the U.S. industry. Official Issuance This notice was issued by Christopher Abbott, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Negotiations, on May 22, 2025. All further details, including scope definitions and a list of topics discussed in the preliminary memorandum, can be found in the official Federal Register notice and its appendices. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.  

U.S. Continues Antidumping Duty Order on Mattresses From China Estimated reading time: 4–6 minutes The U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) has announced the continuation of the antidumping duty (AD) order on mattresses from the People’s Republic of China (China). This announcement follows determinations by both Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). Reason for Continuation Commerce and the ITC decided that ending the AD order would probably result in more dumped mattresses coming from China. Dumping means selling products at prices lower than in the home market or below the cost of production. The agencies found that if the order ended, U.S. mattress makers could be harmed again. Background The AD order on mattresses from China started on December 16, 2019. A required sunset review process began in November 2024. In the review, Commerce found that ending the order would bring back dumping. The ITC decided that this would likely cause harm, called “material injury,” to the U.S. mattress industry. Which Mattresses Are Covered The order covers all types of youth and adult mattresses. These must have a “core” for support. The core can be made of springs, foam, or other fillings. Adult mattresses must be more than 35 inches wide, 72 inches long, and 3 inches deep. Types include twin, full, queen, king, and California king. Youth mattresses must be more than 27 inches wide, 51 inches long, and over 1 inch deep. Crib mattresses can be up to 6 inches deep. Types include crib, toddler, and youth mattresses. The order applies to innerspring, non-innerspring, and hybrid mattresses. Hybrid mattresses have two or more support types, such as memory foam and springs. Non-innerspring mattresses are made with foam or other fillings. Mattresses imported by themselves, as part of furniture, or with a mattress foundation are covered. Only the mattress part is covered if it is imported with other furniture or as a set. Exclusions Certain items are not covered: Futon mattresses (tufted and without innersprings or foam) Airbeds and waterbeds (air or liquid-filled beds) Certain furniture that turns into beds if the mattress part is built into the furniture and inseparable Products already under the order for uncovered innerspring units from China (since 2009) Product Codes The products are listed under specific Harmonized Tariff Schedule for the United States (HTSUS) codes. These include 9404.21.0010, 9404.21.0013, 9404.29.1005, 9404.29.1013, 9404.29.9085, 9404.29.9087, and others. The written description is the final guide on what is covered. What Happens Next The continuation of the order is effective from May 20, 2025. U.S. Customs will keep collecting antidumping cash deposits at current rates for all covered mattresses from China. Commerce will next review this order in five years. Reminder on Confidentiality Commerce reminds all parties with access to confidential information to handle it properly under protection rules. This notice is published under the relevant laws and regulations. The determination and continuation are signed by Abdelali Elouaradia, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Compliance, on May 21, 2025. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

Commerce Department Finds Subsidies for Chinese Active Anode Material Estimated reading time: 4–6 minutes The U.S. Department of Commerce has made a preliminary decision. It found that producers and exporters in China are getting countervailable subsidies for active anode material. The finding comes after an investigation covering January 1, 2023, through December 31, 2023. What Is Active Anode Material? Active anode material is used in batteries. It is graphite with at least 90 percent carbon. It may have synthetic or natural graphite, or a mix of both. It might also be mixed with silicon materials or additives like carbon black. It can be in powder, liquid, or block forms. It is covered even if imported as part of a mixture or a battery. Companies Covered in the Investigation The Department looked at several companies. These include Panasonic Global Procurement China Co., Ltd. and its partner, Panasonic Corporation of China. Together, they work with suppliers such as BTR New Material Group and its affiliates. Shanghai Shaosheng Knitted Sweat and Huzhou Kaijin New Energy Technology Corp., Ltd. were also examined. Initial Findings and Subsidy Rates The Department set subsidy rates for these companies. The results are: Panasonic Global Procurement China Co., Ltd. and Panasonic Corporation of China: 6.55 percent. Shanghai Shaosheng Knitted Sweat: 721.03 percent (this rate is based on facts available with adverse inferences). Huzhou Kaijin New Energy Technology Corp., Ltd.: 721.03 percent (this rate is also based on facts available with adverse inferences). All other producers and exporters: 6.55 percent. The highest rates were assigned when companies did not provide enough information to the Department. Next Steps in the Investigation U.S. Customs and Border Protection will now suspend liquidation of the imports listed above. This means imports of active anode material from China will need a cash deposit equal to the above rates. The Department will check the information in the final review, called verification. The final decision will be made on the same date as the companion antidumping investigation. That is now set for no later than September 29, 2025, unless postponed. How to Comment or Take Part Companies and parties interested in this investigation can comment. They can send case briefs or comments on the determination. They can also request a hearing by giving their name, address, and which issues they want to discuss. These requests must be made within 30 days of the notice. International Review The U.S. International Trade Commission will be informed of this decision. If the final finding is also affirmative, the Commission will decide if these imports hurt U.S. industry. Where to Find More Information The full details and reasoning are provided in the Preliminary Decision Memorandum. Public documents are available online at https://access.trade.gov. Product Scope and Customs Active anode material is usually listed under these U.S. customs codes: 2504.10.5000 and 3801.10.5000. Other possible codes include 2504.10.1000 and 3801.90.0000. The written scope in the investigation is the final word. Summary The Department of Commerce believes Chinese producers of active anode material are receiving financial backing from the Chinese government. This investigation is ongoing. Interested parties should review the findings and take action if needed. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

U.S. Extends Duties on Stainless Pressure Pipe Imports from China Estimated reading time: 1–3 minutes On May 28, 2025, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced it will continue its antidumping and countervailing duty orders for circular welded austenitic stainless pressure pipe from China. This decision follows findings by both the Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). The Department of Commerce and ITC agreed that removing these duties would likely cause more dumping—when products are sold at less than fair value—and let unfair government subsidies continue. They also found that ending the duties could hurt U.S. companies that make these pipes. The duties first started in March 2009. Since then, the U.S. government has checked every five years to see if the duties are still needed. This latest check is the third five-year “sunset review” for these orders. What Is Covered The orders apply to circular welded austenitic stainless pressure pipe that is up to 14 inches wide. The pipe covered includes products made to meet ASTM A-312 or ASTM A-778 standards or similar standards from other countries. The orders do not cover mechanical tubing, certain boiler or heat exchanger tubes, and special tubing made to other ASTM standards. Most of these pipes are listed in certain Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) codes. The exact product description controls which items the orders cover. Next Steps U.S. Customs and Border Protection will keep collecting the antidumping and countervailing duty deposits on all covered pipe from China at current rates. The official continuation began on May 21, 2025, the same day the ITC shared its final decision. The Department of Commerce will begin another five-year review of these orders on or before the fifth anniversary of this latest decision. Rules for Businesses The notice also reminds parties involved to return or destroy private information they received during this review process, according to federal rules. This decision and the duties are being continued under U.S. law, following sections 751(c), 751(d)(2), and 777(i) of the Tariff Act of 1930 and related regulations. The Deputy Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Compliance, Abdelali Elouaradia, signed the order on May 21, 2025. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

U.S. Announces Final Antidumping Duty Results for Xanthan Gum Imports from China Estimated reading time: 3–5 minutes U.S. Department of Commerce Releases Final Review Results The U.S. Department of Commerce has released the final results of its administrative review of antidumping duties on xanthan gum from the People’s Republic of China. The review covers the period from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Companies Reviewed and Determined Dumping Margins Commerce determined that Deosen Biochemical (Ordos) Ltd. (Deosen) and Neimenggu Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd. (Fufeng Group, including Inner Mongolia Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Shandong Fufeng Fermentation Co., Ltd., and Xinjiang Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd.) sold xanthan gum in the U.S. at less than normal value during the review period. Two other companies, Jianlong Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and CP Kelco (Shandong) Biological Company Limited, were found eligible for separate rates. Commerce also found that Shanghai Smart Chemicals Co. Ltd. and Deosen Biochemical Ltd. did not have shipments of subject merchandise during the review period. Final Weighted-Average Dumping Margins Deosen Biochemical (Ordos) Ltd.: 6.46% Neimenggu Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd./Shandong Fufeng Fermentation Co., Ltd./Xinjiang Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Ltd.: 0.00% Non-examined but separate rate companies: Jianlong Biotechnology Co., Ltd.: 6.46% CP Kelco (Shandong) Biological Company Limited: 6.46% Method of Determining Separate Rates Because only Deosen had a rate that was not zero, that rate (6.46%) was used for the separate rate companies. Fufeng’s weighted-average dumping margin was zero. China-Wide Entity Rate Companies that did not qualify for a separate rate remain part of the China-wide entity. The rate for the China-wide entity remains 154.07%. Commerce continues to deny separate rate status to companies listed in Appendix II of the notice. Assessment Rates Commerce will instruct U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to assess antidumping duties on all relevant entries. For Deosen, importer-specific rates will be calculated. If an importer-specific rate is zero or de minimis (0.50% or below), no duties will be collected. For Fufeng, because its dumping margin is zero, CBP will liquidate those entries without collecting duties. For separate rate respondents (CP Kelco (Shandong) and Jianlong), the assessment rate will be 6.46%. Companies part of the China-wide entity will have an assessment rate of 154.07%. Cash Deposit Requirements Exporters listed above: cash deposit rate is as above. Previously reviewed exporters with a separate rate not listed: their last published rate applies. All other China exporters with no separate rate: China-wide entity rate of 154.07% applies. All non-China exporters: the rate of the supplying China exporter applies. These rates become effective for imports entered, or withdrawn for consumption, on or after May 27, 2025, and will stay in effect until notice. No Shipments Determination Commerce confirmed that Shanghai Smart Chemicals Co. Ltd. and Deosen Biochemical Ltd. had no shipments during the review period. Reimbursement and Protective Orders Importers must file certificates confirming they have not been reimbursed for antidumping duties, as required by regulations. Failure to comply may result in double duties. Parties subject to administrative protective orders (APO) must return or destroy proprietary information as required. Further Information The full list of issues, calculations, and company-specific details are available in the Issues and Decision Memorandum and Appendix sections of the notice. Final results were published by Abdelali Elouaradia, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Compliance, on May 20, 2025. Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

U.S. Imposes Antidumping Duties on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid from India and China Estimated reading time: 4–6 minutes The United States Department of Commerce has issued antidumping duty orders on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) from India and the People’s Republic of China. This action is based on investigations by the Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). Background On April 7, 2025, the Department of Commerce published its final decisions that 2,4-D from India and China was being sold in the U.S. for less than fair value. On May 16, 2025, the ITC found that the U.S. industry is hurt by dumped imports of 2,4-D from these countries. Scope of the Orders These orders cover 2,4-D and its derivative products, such as salt and ester forms. 2,4-D is identified by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number 94-75-7. The orders include various forms of 2,4-D salts and esters, like sodium salt and butoxyethyl ester. All forms, regardless of purity, size, or physical condition, are included. The country of origin for any salt or ester is defined by where the 2,4-D acid is produced. The affected products are classified under several Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) codes, but the written order description decides what is covered. Duty Rates Commerce will direct U.S. Customs and Border Protection to collect antidumping duties equal to the amount by which normal value exceeds the export price. The duties apply to shipments entered on or after November 14, 2024. India: Atul Limited: dumping margin 25.85%, cash deposit 20.62% Meghmani Organics Limited: dumping margin 6.10%, cash deposit 3.18% All Others: dumping margin 15.98%, cash deposit 11.90% China: China-Wide Entity: dumping margin 127.21%, cash deposit 126.58% Provisional Measures Suspension of liquidation due to these duties started on November 14, 2024. These measures lasted for six months and ended on May 12, 2025. Any 2,4-D entered from May 13, 2025, to the day before these final orders were published, will not be subject to duties, but duties and suspension resume from the date of publication. Annual Inquiry Service Lists Commerce will make an online annual inquiry service list for these orders. Parties interested in these cases should file an entry of appearance in the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Electronic Service System (ACCESS) within 30 days of the order publication. Special Instructions Petitioners and the governments of India and China will be placed on the annual inquiry service list automatically after their first entry. They do not need to submit again each year unless they need to make changes. Further Information More information about current Antidumping and Countervailing Duty orders can be found at: https://www.trade.gov/datavisualization/adcvd-proceedings Conclusion These orders are now in effect as of May 27, 2025. They are enforced and published under the relevant U.S. laws and regulations. For questions, contact: Grant Fuller (India): Office IX, (202) 482-6228 Matthew Palmer (China): Office III, (202) 482-1678 AD/CVD Operations, Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce. Legal Reference: Federal Register Volume 90, Number 100 (Tuesday, May 27, 2025), Pages 22243-22245. [Order No. 2025-09452] Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.

U.S. Issues Countervailing Duty Orders on 2,4-D Herbicide from China and India Estimated reading time: 5–9 minutes On May 27, 2025, the Department of Commerce announced new countervailing duty (CVD) orders on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from China and India. This decision follows final rulings from both Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). Key Details The U.S. government found that U.S. industry is being harmed by subsidized imports of 2,4-D from these countries. The ITC confirmed this injury on May 16, 2025. The companies must now face countervailing duties. These are extra fees applied to imported goods that get unfair help from their home country’s government. Who Is Affected For China: Jiangxi Tianyu Chemical Co., Ltd. and its related companies: 26.50% Shandong Rainbow Agrosciences Co., Ltd. and its related companies: 169.63% All other producers or exporters: 26.50% For India: Atul Limited: 5.29% Meghmani Organics Limited and its related companies: 6.32% All other producers or exporters: 5.88% Effective Dates The duties apply to entries of 2,4-D from China and India that came into the U.S. on or after September 13, 2024. However, goods imported between January 11, 2025, and before May 27, 2025, are not subject to these duties. During this period, the U.S. government paused the extra fees. Customs officers will now collect cash deposits equal to the subsidy rates shown. These will stay in effect until further notice. What Is Covered The order covers 2,4-D and its salt and ester forms. This includes products with the following chemical numbers and forms: 2,4-D (CAS 94-75-7) 2,4-D sodium salt (CAS 2702-72-9) 2,4-D diethanolamine salt (CAS 5742-19-8) 2,4-D dimethyl amine salt (CAS 2008-39-1) 2,4-D isopropylamine salt (CAS 5742-17-6) 2,4-D tri-isopropanolamine salt (CAS 3234180-3) 2,4-D choline salt (CAS 1048373-72-3) 2,4-D butoxyethyl ester (CAS 1929-733) 2,4-D 2-ethylhexylester (CAS 1928-43-4) 2,4-D isopropylester (CAS 94-11-1) The order covers these items no matter their purity, size, or form. If 2,4-D acid is changed to a salt or ester, it is still covered. Mixed products are covered only for their 2,4-D amount. The country where the 2,4-D acid is made counts as the origin. These chemicals usually fall under HTSUS codes 2918.99.2010 and others listed in the notice. Administrative Details There will be an annual inquiry service list for these orders. Interested parties must enter their appearance on the online system within 30 days after this announcement. Petitioners and foreign governments need to appear on the first list but will stay on future lists automatically. Contact information can be updated as needed. More Information A list of current countervailing duty orders is at https://www.trade.gov/data-visualization/adcvd-proceedings. This notice was signed by Christopher Abbott, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Negotiations, U.S. Department of Commerce, Enforcement and Compliance. [FR Doc. 2025-09453 Filed 5-23-25; 8:45 am] Legal Disclaimer This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. For case-specific consultation, please contact us. Read our full Legal Disclaimer, which also includes information on translation accuracy.